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What are Examples of Progressive Reform?

S.R. Morris-Gray
S.R. Morris-Gray

Many of the best examples of progressive reform center on how citizens interact with their government. The phrase “progressive reform” is predominantly American, and came about in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Early examples include rules governing how citizens could be hired as government workers and laws setting government oversight for consumer protection against fraud, defective products, and harmful food. A number of voting rights issues fall under the reform banner, too, particularly as concerns the election process for Senators and congressional leaders and the right to vote more generally. Local laws and city government structural issues can also be included. The movement generally sought to end political corruption, regulate the marketplace, and enforce basic human rights.

Organization

The Seventeenth and Nineteenth Amendments to the Constitution reformed voting laws.
The Seventeenth and Nineteenth Amendments to the Constitution reformed voting laws.

American progressive reform was driven by a loose-knit group of individuals who were focused on social and governmental change. They organized politically in 1912 to support the Progressive Party ticket of Theodore Roosevelt and again in 1924 to push the independent presidential candidacy of Robert LaFollette. Progressive supporters’ concerns varied widely, but the reform movement focused primarily on social issues related to fair wages and safe working conditions. Legislation outlawing child labor, limits on working hours, and a minimum wage for working women were important national issues of the era. Both of the progressive candidates failed to win election, at least at first, but many laws were nevertheless passed to address the social ills the movement opposed.

Civil Service Hiring

Progressive reform outlawed child labor.
Progressive reform outlawed child labor.

In 1883, the federal government passed the Pendleton Act to regulate federal civil service hiring. Before this act passed, federal positions were assigned to the political party in power and the winning party generally looked forward to hiring supporters. Friends and relatives also expected new, well-paying jobs. The new rules meant that the most influential jobs would be open to the best candidates, regardless of their connections.

The Pendelton Act keeps federal employees from being demoted or fired due to their political beliefs.
The Pendelton Act keeps federal employees from being demoted or fired due to their political beliefs.

Specifically, the Pendleton Act required potential federal employees to provide proof of their qualifications that related to the job. Competitive scores on standardized exams were also mandated, and a federal Civil Service Commission was established to enforce the provisions of the law. Later provisions were added to prohibit the demoting or firing of federal employees based on political beliefs.

Consumer Protection

Women are increasingly working in executive roles, breaking employment stereotypes in the process.
Women are increasingly working in executive roles, breaking employment stereotypes in the process.

The Clayton Antitrust Act and the Federal Trade Act, which prohibited business monopolies and protected the public against dangerous food manufacturing practices, both passed in 1914. They outlawed price-fixing by large corporations, which was believed to negatively impact the marketplace. Artificially low prices tend to shut out small businesses and minimize competition. Once the competition was eliminated, though, higher prices were usually restored by large producers, leaving consumers with limited product choices. Members of the reform movement sought to end these practices as a matter of equity and general consumer protection.

Political innovations like the secret ballot and the direct primary can trace their roots to the progressive era.
Political innovations like the secret ballot and the direct primary can trace their roots to the progressive era.

These laws also gave the Federal Trade Commission the duty to protect the public against business fraud and set up regulations to protect consumers. The Commission is a government agency devoted to monitoring and enforcing trade rules, laws, and best practices. Though these laws didn’t completely eliminate all risk in the marketplace, they made it much more difficult for companies to sell shoddy products, harmful foods, and deceptively labeled goods.

Senatorial Election and Selection

Corruption in congressional elections was also troubling to many reformists and led to arguments for more transparent direct elections. The Constitution stipulated appointment of national senators by the state legislature, but cases of corruption and disputed elections seemed to face the US Senate after each election cycle. Progressives in Oregon led the nation in 1907 by selecting Oregon's US Senator through a direct election, and the Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which was ratified in 1913, provided for the direct election of US Senators by the people of every state.

Voting Issues

Local and state reform movements were also very successful in enacting legal changes during the height of the progressive era. The initiative, referendum, and recall, for instance, were instrumental in allowing direct public participation in government. Political innovations like the secret ballot and the direct primary also trace their roots to this era. These and similar reforms provided direct involvement of the voters, and in most cases were motivated by the desire to eliminate what many saw as rampant political corruption. In the days before progressive reform, corruption flourished under the ward voting system where party bosses courted favors from candidates in exchange for support.

The Nineteenth Amendment of 1920 guaranteeing female suffrage was another important progressive reform that gained national support. Wyoming was the only state that allowed women to vote in 1890 and Utah, Idaho, and Colorado passed female suffrage laws by 1900. A national progressive movement to collect the required two-thirds votes in the US Congress was required to send the national constitutional amendment to the states for ratification.

Structuring City Governments

City government operated by professionals, including a commissioner and manager, was another popular reform. The trained professionals did not owe any allegiance to an election machine and could make unpopular changes based on sound business practices. Galveston, Texas stands out as a progressive municipality that passed significant numbers of reforms beginning in 1900, including shifting local operation to a city manager.

Discussion Comments

anon325033

What are other solutions can you come up with about political corruption in the 19th century?

Bhutan

Cafe41-I think that the 1990’s saw a great wave of Welfare reform. This program changed the traditional welfare benefit in which you would receive a government check based on the number of children you had and essential were not accountable for finding work.

This led to generational welfare that led to many abuses as a result of this progressive movement.

In the 90’s welfare reform allowed programs that helped people find jobs and be able to have the dignity again to hold themselves up high.

It also shortened the timeframe that one could be on welfare to just two years. Many of the people on welfare really do want to work and spending the money training these people to find viable jobs is much better than just sending them a check every month.

The old adages of you give a person a fish, you can feed them for one day, but if you teach a person to fish, they can feed themselves for a lifetime really works here.

cafe41

GreenWeaver-That is so true. Generally when progressive liberalism is practiced we have a level of misery that is unprecedented.

For example, the FDR, Carter and Obama administrations saw the most abysmal economic times in US history. All of these presidents demonstrated progressive socialism and all of these economic times were the most horrific in history.

I know there is a definite link because socialism like this actually depresses creativity and ingenuity the very values that America was famous for.

People are not going to risk creating a product or business with the increasing taxes and governmental regulations.

Also, the poor fall prey to the cycle of dependence and it makes them harder to thrive. For example, people in government housing receive about an 80 to 90% subsidy. You can see when your rent is only $100, and the prevailing market rent is $800 or $900 why it is hard to climb out of this hole.

GreenWeaver

Cupcake15-The people who would be most likely to oppose progressive reforms are those that believe in the ideals of rugged individualism and conservative values.

People that feel that they can make the best choices for their future on their own and do not need to depend on the government for their subsistence.

These people are more closely aligned with the founding father’s views that too much government in people’s lives can be a tyrannical force that limits freedom.

The founders understood that progressive liberalism punished businesses and people that worked the hardest in our society.

We all have a right to a pursuit of happiness and just handing out money in the form of government programs hurts the poor more than it helps because it forces them to be dependent on the government which is exactly what these so called progressive political reformers want.

cupcake15

Progressive socialism is a progressive movement that was practiced by Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Jimmy Carter, and Obama. All of these progressive presidents wanted political reform that heavily regulated businesses and individuals that all demonstrated a slow down in the economy as a result of this Keynesian economic model.

For example, many say that Roosevelt’s progressive reforms that taxed individuals to 80% of their earnings and added constant governmental regulations to businesses led to a prolonged depression that had unemployment rates exceed 20%.

Some of his landmark legislations were the Social Security program that allowed Americans an opportunity to receive a monthly annuity at retirement, but in order to receive that money they would have to pay into to it now. Young workers were actually subsidizing the older worker’s retirement.

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    • The Seventeenth and Nineteenth Amendments to the Constitution reformed voting laws.
      By: Steve Cukrov
      The Seventeenth and Nineteenth Amendments to the Constitution reformed voting laws.
    • Progressive reform outlawed child labor.
      By: poco_bw
      Progressive reform outlawed child labor.
    • The Pendelton Act keeps federal employees from being demoted or fired due to their political beliefs.
      By: apops
      The Pendelton Act keeps federal employees from being demoted or fired due to their political beliefs.
    • Women are increasingly working in executive roles, breaking employment stereotypes in the process.
      By: witthaya
      Women are increasingly working in executive roles, breaking employment stereotypes in the process.
    • Political innovations like the secret ballot and the direct primary can trace their roots to the progressive era.
      By: Andrey Burmakin
      Political innovations like the secret ballot and the direct primary can trace their roots to the progressive era.